Form Pub 1115c As You Think About Child Care For Your 3 To 5 Year Old New York Chinese
Form Pub 1115c As You Think About Child Care For Your 3 To 5 Year Old New York Chinese – In 2008, deaths from child abuse were six times higher than deaths from influenza A (H1N1) in children six times.
In 2009, child abuse was the third leading cause of death for children aged 1 to 4 years.
Form Pub 1115c As You Think About Child Care For Your 3 To 5 Year Old New York Chinese
According to a study, nearly 20 percent of child murder victims contact a healthcare professional within a month of their death.
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Although the devastating and sometimes serious consequences of child abuse are undeniable, studies providing data on prevention, intervention and optimal management are still lacking. A systematic review by the US Department of Prevention Services found insufficient evidence that screening and behavioral interventions for parents or guardians for child physical abuse or neglect reduced disability or premature death. .
Child Protection Services received approximately 3.4 million referrals related to the abuse of approximately 6.2 million children during the federal fiscal year 2011.
Teachers, law enforcement officers, legal staff and social services were the most common source of reports that year, with medical staff accounting for 8.4% of referrals.
Child abuse is a diagnosis that doctors cannot do without. Family physicians can play an important role in protecting children by considering abuse as part of a differential and reporting it if in doubt.
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Bruises on the earlobe or neck in children 4 years of age or younger, or bruises in any area in children under 4 months of age require additional evaluation for abuse.
Metaphyseal injuries, posteromedial rib fractures, scapular or spinous process fractures, and internal fractures identified by radiation are highly specific for physical abuse.
Liver transaminase levels have little predictive value for occult abdominal ulcers in children whose abdominal computed tomography has not already been scheduled.
The Law on the Prevention and Treatment of Child Abuse, as amended by the Child and Family Safety Act of 2003, defines a violation as a “recent act or omission by a parent or caregiver that results in death or physical injury.” Or severe psychological. Sexual abuse or sexual exploitation “or” acts or inactions that indicate the risk of serious injury. “
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Each state has its own definition of child abuse based on this standard, although there are significant variations in intolerance to corporal punishment and what constitutes abuse.
Most states recognize four major types of harassment: negligence, physical abuse, emotional abuse, and sexual abuse. Due to the enormous nature of the topic, this article focuses on physical abuse.
The American Academy of Family Physicians recognizes that the diagnosis and treatment of child abuse is complex and requires a multidisciplinary approach to the care of the child involved as well as the child’s family.
There is insufficient evidence that any specific screening strategy or behavioral intervention produces better health outcomes than physician awareness and assessment of possible signs of abuse.
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Examine risk factors or problems and strengthen or correct parenting skills. See the Parent Assessment Form at http://brightfutures.aap.org/pdfs/Other%203/PSQ_screen.pdf and other resources at http://brightfutures.aap.org.
Refer parents to appropriate community services if intimate partner violence is identified and provided or referred for appropriate care for depression.
In addition to asking parents, caregivers or other witnesses for a detailed description of the circumstances surrounding the suspected injury, an assessment of the child’s social health history and general development is essential.
A well-documented background that first appears during the assessment session can serve an important legal and medical role. History should be obtained thoroughly but not indiscriminately.
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The features of the history that should be extracted as well as the features of concern for intentional injury are listed in Table 2.
The clinician must evaluate the consistency of the caregiver’s history with other findings in the history or physical examination.
Children who are physically abused may have non-specific symptoms. Children who have been seriously injured from abuse may have trouble breathing or may not be able to respond.
Children who are assessed for life-threatening events may also be victims of abuse. In a future series of 243 infants admitted to Level 3 Nursing Medical Center for the assessment of 2.5% of life-threatening events were diagnosed with an involuntary head injury.
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Epistaxis in children is common but can be a sign of physical abuse in the first two years of life.
In a subsequent series of infants evaluated for symptoms that were not initially recognized as a result of an involuntary head injury, 65% were described as irritable and 56% had vomiting.
Table 3 lists the steps of physical examination that should be performed in assessing child abuse with possible causes or findings that indicate abuse.
In general, injuries in many areas, injuries at different stages of treatment and specific forms of injury are suspected to be physical abuse.
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Although accidental injuries often occur on the vertebrae, the resulting injuries tend to occur in protected areas such as the buttocks, forearms, and upper extremities.
Bruising TEN-4 clinical decision-making rules may be useful in identifying children and infants who should be assessed for physical abuse.
This rule was made from a case study of 95 children under the age of 48 months who were allowed to enter the child care room due to injuries.
TEN-4 stipulates that bruising to the ear or neck (TEN) in children 4 years of age or younger, or bruising to any area in children under 4 months of age requires additional assessment for abuse. The original study reported variability and accuracy of 97% and 84%, respectively.
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Various patterns of bruising that indicate abuse: bruising on infants less than four months old; Bruises in the trunk, ears and neck; Bruised ears (introduced “boxing ears”); Bruises on the buttocks; Bruises with patterns (arms, cords, belts, objects); Bruising in several stages of settlement; Burns
In line with previous studies, this study found that bruising is rare in children less than six months old. However, children between the ages of six and nine months who begin to have bruises (‘boating’) begin to have bruises in predictable places, such as the knees or forehead, as well as in lesser places such as the back. And chest.
Abnormal events or accidents in addition to abnormal medical problems may also explain the observed treatment pattern. Coagulopathies (eg, leukemia, vitamin K-deficiency in uterine tumors, hemophilia, von Willebrand disease) can cause easy bruising, cataracts, subdural hematomas, and other findings that indicate Abuse.
Physical abuse often leads to bone injuries. X-rays of children suspected of physical abuse may include an assessment of localization of symptoms or signs on physical examination, as well as skeletal examination. Although skeletal injuries (other than cranial fractures) are not always the most life-threatening injuries associated with abuse, the identification of mysterious fractures can provide the clearest evidence. Of abuse as the cause of other identified injuries.
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Skeletal surveys are usually recommended for all cases of suspected abuse of children under two years of age. Children over 5 years of age may usually have a history of adequate pain and imaging is not recommended. Instead, imaging should be based on clinical findings. Imaging screening of children aged 2 to 5 years should be guided by other findings or indicators of possible abuse and be performed in cases where the abuse is highly suspected. .
Generally, each anatomical area should be placed separately to ensure the best exposure and image quality for each area. Single imaging studies (“babygrams”) are not considered sufficient for diagnosis and should be avoided.
Getting both oblique projections to the anteroposterior view of the ribs can increase the yield of rib fractures.
Other imaging studies, such as x-rays of the head, nuclear imaging, or positron emission tomography, may be indicated depending on the patient’s condition. Radiographic findings include highly or moderately specific injury profiles for the diagnosis of child abuse.
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) High-precision findings include metaphyseal injury, posteromedial rib fracture, scapular or spinous process fractures, and temporal fractures.
Laboratory studies are useful to identify diseases that may explain the observed findings (especially coagulopathies) or ulcers, or more severely, that are not clear at the time of examination. Table 6 lists useful laboratory studies and possible findings.
Liver transaminase levels were less sensitive and specific (77% and 82%, respectively) for occult abdominal ulcers at a cross-section of 80 U per L (1.34 μkat per L). Although a global examination of injured children is not indicated, it may be useful to measure transaminase levels in children with abuse (especially suspected abdominal injury) whose abdominal CT was not planned. Already.
Documentation of medical examination history, diagnostic results, clinical interests, and diagnostic reasons are important not only for medical care but also for legal purposes. This includes photographing the results of physical examinations, which raises concerns about abuse. Although digital photography has replaced most traditional films, a number of principles should be followed to provide the best documentation, regardless of technology. Table 7 lists the simple principles to be followed to ensure that photographs are of the appropriate quality and provide the best evidence if a child abuse investigation is conducted legally.
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Shoot directly so that the area to be photographed is parallel to the camera and at the same level.
Light is important for accurate color reproduction. In the absence of sufficient light, it is very important to document the color and description of the lesion in writing in the medical record.
Record findings
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